Caffeine leads to a vasoconstriction, raises the epinephrine levels, and increases nervous signaling. A metabolite of caffeine b
locks phosphodiesterase. What is the most likely impact of caffeine on cell signaling?A. Caffeine directly binds and activates the protein kinases which signal the described effects, enhancing the effects of caffeine.B. Inhibition of the phosphodiesterase results in an elevated cAMP levels and PKA activation, leading to increased glycogen breakdown and increased phosphorylation of events controlling the physiology of caffeine addiction.C. Phosphodiesterase leads to increased PIP2 breakdown, inhibiting Akt signaling. This alters the glycogen metabolism and glucose uptake in the liver after caffeine ingestion.D. The vascular effects of caffeine are long term, indicating a steroid-enhanced activity supported by loss of phosphodiesterase action
The inhibition of the phosphodiesterase is the principal caffeine impact on cell signaling, because is elevates the AMP rates and PKA activation resulting in increased glycogen breakdown and phosphorylation that controls the caffeine addiction physiology symptons.
We are given a red flower plant. This means its homozygous dominant (RR). We are given a white flower plant. This means it is homozygous recessive (rr). Each plant will give its allele. The red one will always give R and the white one will always give r. Heterozygous (Rr) plants have pink flowers. So they will all be pink.
Group of people could have a very specific challenge having to do with the person or the task - need to watch the same person to see how they change; Ex: some type of physical or cognitive challenge and want to see their progression
