Answer:
OH, H2O2 and O−2
Explanation:
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be defined as highly reactive chemical compounds formed from molecular oxygen (O2). ROS are generated as a normal product of cellular metabolism, and also as a response to different environmental/internal cellular stimuli (e.g., cytokines, xenobiotics, pathogenic invasion). For example, hydroxyl radicals (·OH) are a type of ROS generated in the mitochondria which are capable of inducing oxidative stress in different cells and also trigger chronic inflammation. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) molecules represent another type of ROS which are produced during the stereoselective deamination of amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins. These molecules (H2O2) exhibit toxic effects on the cell (e.g., DNA damage). Finally, singlet oxygen (1O2) is an excited state of molecular oxygen (O2) that is generated during photosynthesis in the photosystem II (PSII) of chloroplasts.
Answer/Explanation:
In eukaryotes, photosynthesis occurs mainly in green plants. These organisms have specialized organelles called chloroplasts that carry out photosynthesis. These contain photoreceptors that absorb photons from the sun through a pigment called chlorophyll, providing the energy to synthesise glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
In contrast, prokaryotes that carry out photosynthesis are able to do so because they have folds in the plasma membrane that permit the attachment of chlorophyll. They do not have specialized membrane-bound organelles like eukaryotes.
<h3><u>Answer;</u></h3>
<em>ATP and NADPH</em>
<h3><u>Explanation;</u></h3>
Three-carbon molecules of PGA are converted to G3P small sugar molecules by <em><u>ATP and NADPH</u></em>, which come from the light reaction.
- <em><u>Photosynthesis</u></em>, a process in which green plants use energy from the sun to make their own food, involves two types of reactions, light reactions in light stage and light independent reactions in dark stage.
- During <em><u>the light reactions ATP and NADH are generated from the electron transport chains</u></em>, which are then taken to the second stage (light independent stage) of photosynthesis. During the Light independent stage the energy stored in ATP and NADH is <em><u>used to convert 3-carbon PGA to G3P</u></em>.
