An example of a missense mutation in a protein-encoding gene would most likely be a neutral mutation is option B: replacement of a polar amino acid with another polar amino acid at the protein's surface.
A frequent and well-known example of a missense mutation is the blood condition sickle-cell anemia. Missense mutations exist in the DNA at a single location in sickle-cell anemia patients. A different amino acid is required in this missense mutation, which also alters the overall structure of the protein. Similarly, replacement of a polar amino acid by another polar Ami no acid at the protein's surface is a missense mutation causing change in a single site.
A neutral mutation is one whose fixation is unrelated to natural selection. Therefore, the independence of a mutation's fixation from natural selection can be used to define the selective neutrality of a mutation.
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Complete question is:
Which example of a missense mutation in a protein-encoding gene would most likely be a neutral mutation?
a) Replacement of a polar amino acid with a nonpolar amino acid at the protein's outer surface
b) Replacement of a polar amino acid with another polar amino acid at the protein's surface
c) Replacement of a polar amino acid with another polar amino acid in the protein's interior
d) Replacement of a polar amino acid with a nonpolar amino acid in the protein's interior
TTG ATG ACG
Swap every Adenine (A) for a Thymine (T), every Uracil (U) for an Adenine, every Cytosine (C) for a Guanine (G), and every Guanine (G) for a Cytosine (C).
Answer:
Thymine= 60 ng
Guanine= 20 ng
The complementary base pairing occurs between adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine bases.
Explanation:
According to the Chargaff rule, a double-helical DNA molecule has an equal number or equal amount of adenine and thymine bases since adenine always pairs with thymine. Similarly, the amount of guanine base is equal to that of the cytosine base.
Chargaff rule is based on the complementary base pairing between purine and pyrimidine bases. According to the given information, the amount of adenine is 60 ng. Therefore, the cell would have 60 ng thymine. Similarly, the amount of the cytosine base in the cell is 20 ng which means that the cell would have 20 ng of guanine base.
Fertilization, mitosis, meiosis, birth
The right answer is polarity.
In chemistry, polarity is a characteristic describing the distribution of negative and positive charges in a dipole. The polarity of a bond or a molecule is due to the difference in electronegativity between the chemical elements that compose it, the differences in charge that it induces, and to their distribution in space. The more the charges are distributed asymmetrically, the more a bond or molecule will be polar, and conversely, if the charges are distributed in a completely symmetrical manner, it will be apolar, that is to say non-polar.
Polarity and its consequences (van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding) affect a number of physical characteristics (surface tension, melting point, boiling point, solubility) or chemical (reactivity).
Many very common molecules are polar, such as sucrose, a common form of sugar. The sugars, in general, have many oxygen-hydrogen bonds (hydroxyl group -OH) and are generally very polar. Water is another example of a polar molecule, which allows polar molecules to be generally soluble in water. Two polar substances are very soluble between them as well as between two apolar molecules thanks to Van der Waals interactions.
