Truncating mutations in TTN, the gene encoding the titin protein, cause 15 to 25% of nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), however it is unclear whether this is due to haploinsufficiency or the presence of truncated titin proteins.
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What is TTN gene?</h3>
The TTN gene codes for the production of titin, a massive protein. This protein is crucial in both the muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) and the heart (cardiac muscle). Different muscles produce somewhat different copies of titin (known as isoforms).
Titin is a necessary component of structures called sarcomeres within muscle cells. Sarcomeres are the fundamental components of muscular contraction; they are composed of proteins that produce the mechanical force required for muscles to contract. Titin has numerous purposes within sarcomeres. One of the primary functions of the protein is to provide shape, flexibility, and stability to these cell structures. Titin interacts with other muscle proteins, such as actin and myosin, to maintain sarcomere components in place while muscles contract.
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Neonates are at a higher risk of developing respiratory complications upon administering general anesthesia
Explanation:
Anesthesia can lead to a number of perioperative and postoperative respiratory complications especially in neonates. Neonates may require varying levels and types of anesthesia for various conditions starting from central line or VP shunt placement, tracheostomy or gastrostomy tube placements, any excisions, circumscision and any other surgical procedures.
The immature neonatal respiratory system makes neonatal anesthesia a difficult task due to:
Anatomically, the airways are small and alveoli network is immature.
Physiologically, neonatal metabolic rate is very high with more oxygen consumption than adults
Functionally, the lung mechanism is also immature, smaller upper airway resistance and higher lower airway resistance which causes collapse.
Hence, proper care should be taken while anesthetizing neonates with proper communication with the healthcare team including pediatric surgeons, pulmonologist, cardiologist, nursing care, pharmacists etc
Answer - PLACENTA PREVIA
Placenta Previa refers to a
situation where the placenta, which should normally grow in the upper part of
the uterus, grows in the lowest part instead, thus covering (either partially
of totally) the cervical opening. It is indicated by bright red vaginal bleeding
in the second to third trimester of pregnancy. The bleeding is usually
painless. In pregnancy, a woman can lose up to 40% of the blood volume without
any signs of shock; this may explain why the patient has normal vital signs
even with blood loss.
myocites (could be wrong )
The correct answers are I and IV
There are three main effects of complement :
1. Lysis of cells such as bacteria and tumor cells.
2. Generation of mediators that participate in inflammation and attract neutrophils to the site of infection, an event called chemotaxis.
3. Opsonization i.e. enhancement of phagocytosis.
Lysis of pathogens by complement involves the insertion of a special substance called the membrane attack complex into the cell membrane of the pathogen which disrupts or punctures the membrane as a result of which water and electrolytes enter the pathogen and it dies.
Generation of mediators known as C5a and C567 complex attract neutrophils.
