Females are more likely to be carriers of X-linked traits, and males are more likely to express them.
Oxidative phosphorylation requires a proton gradient.
- Cells use enzymes to oxidize foods in the metabolic pathway known as oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport-linked phosphorylation, or terminal oxidation, which releases chemical energy to create adenosine triphosphate.
- This happens inside mitochondria in eukaryotes. The majority of the energy required for biosynthesis, maintaining a healthy ion balance, and mechanical effort is provided by oxidative phosphorylation, which is the principal source of ATP in higher animals.
- A succession of proteins and electron carriers in the mitochondrial membrane, as well as the electron transport chain, are all involved in the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
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Metaphase. During metaphase, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each pair of sister chromatids The sister chromatids line up at the equator, or center, of the cell. The spindle fibers ensure that sister chromatids will separate and go to different daughter cells when the cell divides
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
