Gene mutation
I found this in nature.com, “If a mutation occurs in a germ-line cell (one that will give rise to gametes, i.e., egg or sperm cells), then this mutation can be passed to an organism's offspring. ... Germ-line mutations occur in reproductive cells (sperm or eggs) and are passed to an organism's offspring during sexual reproduction.”
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During transcription process in the nucleus, the information for synthesis of a particular protein is copied on to mRNA.
mRNA then leaves the nucleus with this information in code, and enters the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome. Ribosome are the "work benches" of the cell and it is here that proteins are made.
In the ribosome, transfer RNA or tRNA recognizes a triplet of bases e.g. GCA on the attached mRNA and decodes it. This is called the translation process. Once tRNA has determined which amino acid corresponds to that triplet, it fetches that amino acid from the pool of free amino acids in the cytoplasm and into the ribosome where it is linked with other amino acids into a chain to form the protein.
Echinoderms do not spend time caring for their young ones.
They reproduce by sexual means, that is the combination of genetic materials from two separate individuals (male and female). The males provide the sperm and the females provide the eggs for reproduction. The sperms and eggs are propagated into water column, and fertilization takes place in the open water. Echinoderms commonly, leave their eggs and provide no parental care to the eggs. They don't take care of their young ones at all, however, some sea urchins incubates their eggs in special little pouches.
In this situation, muscle cells ferment glucose to two molecules of lactic acid — again, with the net production of only two molecules of ATP per glucose molecule (Figure 16-6, left).
