Answer:
A frameshift changes every codon past it. A base substitution only changes one codon.
Explanation:
DNA is comprised of nucleotides (A, C, T, G) that make up amino acids. Every three bases is called a codon and represents an amino acid.
In a frameshift mutation, a nucleotide is either added or deleted from the sequence. This offsets the entire sequence after it because the reading frame shifts. Here's an example:
ACTGCTATCGTCATC
If another T is added in between the first and second codons, then every codon after will be changed.
ACT>T<GCTATCGTCATC
A substitution mutation is usually less severe, as it only alters one codon in the sequence. These occur when one nucleotide is replaced by another one. Here's an example:
ACTGCTATCGTCATC
Let's say the first G is replaced by a T.
ACT>T<CTATCGTCATC
As you can see, none of the other codons changed.
Typically, a frameshift mutation is considered worse than a substitution mutation.
Answer:
The answer is DNA replication and crossing over.
Explanation:
Both meiosis and mitosis are reproduction processes taking place in humans. But there is some difference between these two processes. In meiosis, parent cell produces four daughter cells which are not identical to each other.
In meiosis, when DNA replicates it produces four haploid daughter cells in which the number of chromosomes in half. Moreover crossing over and separation of chromosomes also occurs to produce sperms and egg cells. While in mitosis crossing over and DNA replication is absent.
1. mother to fetus 2. through exposure to the antigen (virus, toxins, or cancer cells).
Fats and Proteins can be used as a supplement for energy if sugar is not available.
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