Answer:
Causal association is defined as two events in which one event leads to the cause/development of the second event such as the consumption of trans-fats and the onset of heart disease. In order to show the causal association, it is necessary to ensure that the 3 criteria of temporality, consistency, and strength are satisfied with respect to the relationship between consumption of trans fats and heart disease. According to this example involving the relationship between trans-fats and heart disease, temporality could be satisfied if one is consuming an excessive amount of foods containing trans-fats such asFrench fries, and who then ends up suffering from heart disease. In order to fulfill the criteria of strength, statistical tests would need to be performed in order to establish that there is a positive correlation between the individuals who consume trans-fats 10 times per week are shown to develop and require treatment for heart disease 90% of the time. Lastly, consistency may be fulfilled by showing that the same results are occurring despite applying the same testing measures on different groups of individuals during various increments. By applying the same tests on different groups, the chances of creating false-positives within the study can be significantly lowered. Numerous studies can be used to determine whether meaningful statements regarding the causal relationship between two factors can be established. By performing multiple studies on individuals’ eating habits and their health outcomes, researchers may then determine whether a relationship exists between the health challenges that they are faced with and the items that they consume.
Explanation:
Aquatic environments, mainly the sea.
Answer:
1) Hiatal hernia is the disorder of this 26 year old business executive. Hiatal hernia occurs when upper part of stomach pushes through an opening in the diaphragm, and up into the chest. THis opening is called a esophageal hiatus or diaphragmatic hiatus. It is basically a protrusion of the upper part of stomach into the chest through a tear on the chest through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm. The patient presents with :
- Chest pain
- Severe hurtburn
- Abdominal pain
- Frequent burping
- Difficulty in swallowing
- Throat soreness
2) Adequate lower esophageal pressure at the lower esophageal sphincter normally prevent gastric reflux into the esophagus when lying down or bending over.
3) As M3 receptors (parasympathetic) are distributed at the lower esophageal sphincter, cholinergic agonist activates these receptors and increases contraction thus rsulting in a decrease in contraction and preventing Gastroesophageal reflux. Similarly the anticholinergic are avoided because they will relax the LES and thus GERD will increase.
4) H2 antagonists are recommended because they decrease the acid secretion especially at night by blocking H2 receptors.
5) Elevation of the head of the bed recommended in order to encourage the gravitational flows of the contents in stomach toward the pyloric end.
6) Normal Stomach pH = 3-5
Normal esophageal pH = 6-7
pH at Lower esophagus in gastroesophageal patient = 3-5
pH of stomach in patient of GERD = 3-5 (same as that in normal)
It is a non-polar solvent. The color yellowish to gray solid
that can mix with water is Trimyristin, but can mix in ethanol, benzene,
chloroform, dichloromethane, and ether. The chemical formula of Trimyristin is C45H86O6,
saturated fat which is the triglyceride of meristic acid.
