Explanation:
During respiration, the breakdown of glucose undergoes several steps in order to produce ATP, namely in glycolysis, the Kreb's cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
overall: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ≈38 ATP
Further Explanation:
In all eukaryotic cells mitochondria are small cellular organelles bound by membranes, these make most of the chemical energy required for powering the biochemical reactions within the cell. This chemical energy is stored within the molecule ATP which is produced. Respiration in the mitochondria utilizes oxygen for the production of ATP in the Krebs’ or Citric acid cycle via the oxidization of pyruvate( through the process of glycolysis in the cytoplasm).
Oxidative phosphorylation describes a process in which the NADH and FADH2 made in previous steps of respiration process give up electrons in the electron transport chain these are converted it to their previous forms, NADH+ and FAD. Electrons continue to move down the chain the energy they release is used in pumping protons out of the matrix of the mitochondria.
This forms a gradient where there is a differential in the number of protons on either side of the membrane the protons flow or re-enter the matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase, which makes the energy storage molecules of ATP from the reduction of ADP. At the end of the electron transport, three molecules of oxygen accept electrons and protons to form molecules of water...
- Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasm 2 molecules of ATP are used to cleave glucose into 2 pyruvates, 4 ATP and 2 electron carrying NADH molecules. (2 ATP are utilized for a net ATP of 2)
- The Citric acid or Kreb's cycle: in the mitochondrial matrix- 6 molecules of CO2 are produced by combining oxygen and the carbon within pyruvate, 2 ATP oxygen molecules, 8 NADH and 2 FADH2.
- The electron transport chain, ETC: in the inner mitochondrial membrane, 34 ATP, electrons combine with H+ split from 10 NADH, 4 FADH2, renewing the number of electron acceptors and 3 oxygen; this forms 6 H2O, 10 NAD+, 4 FAD.
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Answer:
Power stroke (myosin head bends) coupled with the release of ADP and phosphate
Explanation:
Muscle contraction results from myosin heads adhering to actin and attracting it inwards. It uses ATP. Myosin adhers to actin at a binding site of its globular actin protein and adheres at another binding site for ATP (hydrolyzed ATP to ADP, Pi and energy)
ATP binding prompts myosin to detach from actin, ATP is changed to ADP and inorganic phosphate, Pi by ATPase. The energy formed at this process orientates myosin head to a “cocked” direction.
The myosin head goes in the direction of the M line, holding the actin with it in the process causing the filaments to orientate nearly 10 nm in the direction of the M line--- power stroke (force is produced), the sarcomere reduces in length and the muscle contracts.
Note: The power stroke is seen when ADP and phosphate disattaches itself from the myosin head.
At the terminal point of the power stroke, the myosin head as low-energy, followed by ADP release.
The attached image shows the cross-bridge muscle contraction cycle, which is activated by Ca2+ sticking to the actin active site. And how actin moves in relation to myosin.
