Answer:
The process of passage of different molecules, solutes, and liquids, through the phospholipid bilayer in human cells, and really in all animal cells, is highly dependent on a tight coordination between chemical, and thermodynamic balances, that will collaborate in these elements being able to pass, or not pass, through a cell´s membrane, and activate other mechanisms within the cell when their passage is not possible. Unlike what was once believed, that transport proteins were like buses parked at the membrane and waiting to be loaded with molecules to later remove themselves from the membrane and carry their load into the cytoplasm, scientific research has found that this is definitely so, and that transport proteins do not come off the layer to transport molecules. They are permanently anchored to the membrane and through a series of second messenger systems, energy produced by the passage of certain ions like potassium and sodium, and other such processes, these transport proteins become activated, allow the passage of molecules and change them in such a way that they can be taken into the cell in vesicles, or, they will anchor them to second messengers, who will be responsible for carrying the molecule inside.
From the list of words given and the two sentences down below, which are two reasons why the earlier believed models for transport proteins are not correct would be:
1. Integral membrane proteins are embedded stably in the membrane and protrude from one or both side based on their hydrophobic, or hydrophilic, regions. These sides will not switch because of the disbalance that would be created if the two sides had to be switched chemically to allow them to pass to the opposie sides.
2. For protein to traverse a membrane, movement of its hydrophilic regions through the interior of the membrane would be required, which would be highly endergonic and hence thermodynamically improbable.
Answer:
If there would be no biosphere on earth the atmosphere would be quite different. There would be no oxygen to support because oxygen is liberated by plants in photosynthesis so no plants means no oxygen. The earth would be a planet without life just like Venus and Mars. Therefore, no organism would be surviving in the world.
There would be no negligible green house effect and global warming since it is all created due to activities of men.The earth's atmosphere would be much cleaner and with lesser amount of CO2 and O2 but no organism would be there to use them.
Hope it help!
potential energy
you have potential energy when you're stopped. you have kinetic energy when you're moving. so as you're going down a hill, kinetic energy is increasing and potential energy is decreasing.
Answer:
Phenotypic ratio= 1 Brown : 1 Gray
Explanation:
Genotype of brown snake= BB
genotype of gray snake= Bb
A cross between brown (BB) and gray (Bb) snake obtains progeny in following phenotypic ratio= 1 Brown : 1 Gray
Here, the heterozygous parent, gray snake (Bb) forms two types of gametes in 1:1 ratio while the homozygous dominant parent, brown snake (BB) forms only one type of gamete.
Answer:
subtitution mutation
Explanation:
The T in the middle is subtituted with C.
Hope it helps.
