Earth's crust is made of rock, and rock is made of natural substances called minerals. There are three main types of rock: sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rock. Each type is produced in different ways. The oldest rocks on Earth were formed about 3.8 billion years ago.
Minerals are naturally occurring substances formed by geological processes. They are usually solid and feature a crystal structure as well as specific physical properties and chemical composition.
Physical properties of minerals include crystal structure, hardness (Mohs scale), lustre (how it reflects light) and color, as well as more complicated properties such as streak, fracture, cleavage and density.
Mohs scale of hardness measures the ability of minerals to scratch each other. Talc is very soft and is listed as 1, diamond is very hard and is measured as 10.
A mineral is sometimes made up of just one chemical element but more often it is a compound (mixture) of two or more.
For example, diamond is made up of just carbon, while fluorite is made up of a compound of calcium and fluorine.
There are over 4000 different types of minerals.
Only around 30 of these are commonly found in the Earth's crust.
Examples of minerals include calcite, gypsum, feldspar, pyrite, gold, quartz and diamond.
The precious gems ruby and sapphire are varieties of the mineral corundum.
Rocks
Rocks and stones are naturally occurring solids made up of minerals.
The Earth's crust is made up of rock.
Rocks have been used by humans for millions of years, from early tools and weapons through to various construction materials.
There are three different types of rocks based on the way they form, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
When magma cools and solidifies it forms igneous rock.
Examples of igneous rocks include granite, basalt, gabbro, obsidian and pumice. More igneous rock facts.
Sediment deposited over time, often as layers at the bottom of lakes and oceans, forms sedimentary rocks.
Examples of sedimentary rocks include sandstone, mudstone, flint, greywacke and chalk. More sedimentary rock facts.
Extreme pressure and heat over time forms metamorphic rocks.
Examples of metamorphic rocks include marble, quartzite, schist, granulite and slate. More metamorphic rock facts. The metamorphic rock marble is formed from the sedimentary rock limestone.
The metamorphic rock granulite is formed from the igneous rock basalt.
Enhancers work by serving as binding sites for transcription factors--proteins that regulate transcription.<span> Enhancers lead to the production of regulatory proteins. The proteins bind to regulatory sites of DNA, triggering transcription of cell-specific proteins.</span>
Due to the Sun's massive size, its large gravitational pull causes the planets and other objects in the solar system to orbit around it. In orbit around the Sun are the eight planets along with their moons, dwarf planets and many much smaller objects like asteroids and comets.
Cell division can be either mitosis or meiosis. Mitosis cell division has these phases:
A. Interphase - non-dividing phase with to G1, S and G2 sub phase. In this genetic material doubles and cell size increases.
B. Prophase- chromosomes shorten and condense by coiling. Centrioles move in opposite directions.
C. Metaphase - spindle fibres bind to kinetochores and pulls it the chromosomes on the equator of the spindle forms a plate called the metaphase plate.
D. Anaphase- these get condense and centromeres split into two and the spindle fibres pull the daughter centromeres to opposite poles.
The Doppler red-shift of light observed from distant stars and galaxies gives evidence that the universe is expanding (moving away from a central point). This allows for Big Bang Theory, because after a “bang” occurs all of the matter moves away from the point of origin.
