The energy required to drive nutrient cycling is obtained by processes occurring in the biosphere. The primary source of energy for ecosystem processes is photosynthesis. Directly or indirectly, photosynthesis provides the energy for all forms of life in the biosphere. Photosynthesis utilizes energy from the sun to reduce CO2<span> into high energy organic compounds. Subsequently, the energy contained in these organic compounds is released by the process of respiration. The respiration process releases energy by oxidizing the high energy bonds of the organic compounds, the energy released being used to perform all the metabolic processes of biota.
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A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.[1] It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.
Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron, which activates voltage-dependent calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins (synaptotagmin) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber, also known as the sarcolemma. nAChRs are ionotropic receptors, meaning they serve as ligand-gated ion channels. The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber, causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction.
Neuromuscular junction diseases can be of genetic and autoimmune origin. Genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction, whereas autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma.
Answer:
4
Explanation:
A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
Answer: Water as a universal solvent
Explanation:
Water is a universal solvent because of its property of dissolving a large number of molecules of different kind. The water at the biological level forms the major body weight of the organisms. It helps in supporting the cell metabolism and function. It is the main component of the liquid component of blood that is plasma. The water dissolved in it various vitamins, minerals, fibers, and other components of the food and helps in digestion of food in the body. Thus in human and animal body water plays an important role in circulation and digestion process.
Successful collaborative environment efforts rely upon partnerships between government, business, and etc. because when you work together on something it will creat ally or partnership with other countries and your business will grow because of what you have to them