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The Director of nursing would be most concerned with the safety standards established by the clinical laboratories’ improvement amendments or CLIA.
<h3>What is CLIA?</h3>
The Public Health Services Act was amended by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 law, in which Congress altered the federal scheme for accreditation and oversight of clinical laboratory testing.
Federal standards that apply to all U.S. facilities or locations that test human specimens for health assessment or to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease are included in the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA) rules.
Testing performed for forensic reasons (criminal investigations), testing carried out on human specimens for research or surveillance, and testing carried out on human specimens when patient-specific results are not reported are all exempt from the CLIA regulations.
These tests include employment-related drug testing by SAMSHA-certified laboratories.
To know more about CLIA, visit:
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Answer:
The white blood cells i.e. granulocytes and macrophages are specifically stimulated by GM-CSF in response to chemotherapy in cancer patients.
Explanation:
The colony stimulating factors (CSFs) are the regulators of granulocytes and macrophages in blood. The CSFs has the potential to regenerate the white blood cells damaged during chemotherapy. Thus, CSFs mobilize the stem cells to enhance the immune process and produce hematopoietic cells such as granulocytes, macrophages in cancer patients. The CSFs resemble hormones that are specifically targeted to produce blood cells in specified regions where the quantity of those cells is low. The CSFs belong to a group of regulatory factors also known as cytokines and does not produce only a single cell type but stimulates colonies of different blood cell types for any specific organ. Hematopoietic cells produced by CSF are step-wise and formation of blast colonies take place initially. Afterwards, the blast cells regenerate and differentiated into multiple progenitor cells consisting of granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophills, erythroids, and lymphocytes. The progenitor cells in the granulocyte-macrophage lineage matures into neutrophilic granulocytes and macrophages.
Out of all types of CSF colonies, the Granulocyte-Macrophage (GM-CSF) colony is specially involved in regenerating immune responses in cancer patients. These cytokines stimulates the dendritic cell formation and produces dendritic activity against the cancerous cells. These GM-CSF colonies enhance the immune response of host against melanomas, tumors by reducing their growth and inducing remission. Hence, it can be said that granulocytes and macrophages are infection protective cells and elevates dangerously low levels of white blood cells in cancer patients following chemotherapy. The GM-CSF induction regenerates the bone marrow which is damaged and improves stem cells production.
