The probability of life evolving into a complex form is one of the factors in the Drake equation. Drake himself estimated that probability as 1.0, for what that's worth.
<span>He had that confidence precisely because descent-with-variation seems pretty certain to be a universe process because it's so straightforward. If you have something that reproduces imperfectly, eventually more complex versions will be the result. Even the "natural selection" part is optional if you were just imagining searching through the vast space of genetic possibilities, but finite resources make selection inevitable.</span>
C.
Whitman believed that there are multiple stages of existence.
<span>The 150,000-square-mile area has little rainfall, light soil, and high winds.</span>
