Answer:
A bottom-up system concentrates attention on how resources (space and nutrients) influence higher trophic forms , whereas a top-down system focuses on interactions at top level consumers (predators) and their prey influence on lower trophic forms.
Explanation:
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Answer:
The structure that prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium is the mitral valve.
The vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood to tissues is the aorta.
The capillaries receiving blood flow from the left side of the heart are the Systemic capillaries.
The structure that is located anatomically between the aorta and the left ventricle is the Aortic semilunar valve.
Explanation:
The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the pulmonary vein and passes it to the left ventricle. The back-flow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium is prevented by mitral which is a bicuspid valve. The vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood to tissues is the aorta.
Aorta receives oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle and pumps it into its branches to deliver the blood to the body tissues. Systemic capillaries are the blood vessels that obtain the oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle through the aorta. Systemic capillaries serve as the site for the exchange of gases and nutrients.
The aortic semilunar valve is located Aortic semilunar valve is the half-moon shape valve present between the left ventricle and aorta to prevent the black flow of blood to the left ventricle.
Triggering of the muscle action potential occurs after Ach binds to chemically gated channels in the motor end plate membrane. Acetylcholine (Ach) is a neurotransmitter produced by nerve cells.
An action potential is an electrical signal that travels along the cell membrane as a wave.
This action potential (muscle action potential) drives the contraction of muscle fibers.
When the action potential reaches the neuromuscular junction (i.e., the motor end-plate), acetylcholine (Ach) is released into the synaptic cleft.
Subsequently, Ach can bind and open specific channels localized on the surface of the muscle cells, thereby depolarizing them and triggering muscle contraction.
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