Answer:
The preceding section reviewed the major metabolic reactions by which the cell obtains and stores energy in the form of ATP. This metabolic energy is then used to accomplish various tasks, including the synthesis of macromolecules and other cell constituents. Thus, energy derived from the breakdown of organic molecules (catabolism) is used to drive the synthesis of other required components of the cell. Most catabolic pathways involve the oxidation of organic molecules coupled to the generation of both energy (ATP) and reducing power (NADH). In contrast, biosynthetic (anabolic) pathways generally involve the use of both ATP and reducing power (usually in the form of NADPH) for the production of new organic compounds. One major biosynthetic pathway, the synthesis of carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O during the dark reactions of photosynthesis, was discussed in the preceding section. Additional pathways leading to the biosynthesis of major cellular constituents (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) are reviewed in the sections that follow.
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Carbohydrates
In addition to being obtained directly from food or generated by photosynthesis, glucose can be synthesized from other organic molecules. In animal cells, glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) usually starts with lactate (produced by anaerobic glycolysis), amino acids (derived from the breakdown of proteins), or glycerol (produced by the breakdown of lipids). Plants (but not animals) are also able to synthesize glucose from fatty acids—a process that is particularly important during the germination of seeds, when energy stored as fats must be converted to carbohydrates to support growth of the plant. In both animal and plant cells, simple sugars are polymerized and stored as polysaccharides.
Gluconeogenesis involves the conversion of pyruvate to glucose—essentially the reverse of glycolysis. However, as discussed earlier, the glycolytic conversion of glucose to pyruvate is an energy-yielding pathway, generating two molecules each of ATP and NADH. Although some reactions of glycolysis are readily reversible, others will proceed only in the direction of glucose breakdown, because they are associated with a large decrease in free energy. These energetically favorable reactions of glycolysis are bypassed during gluconeogenesis by other reactions (catalyzed by different enzymes) that are coupled to the expenditure of ATP and NADH in order to drive them in the direction of glucose synthesis. Overall, the generation of glucose from two molecules of pyruvate requires four molecules of ATP, two of GTP, and two of NADH. This process is considerably more costly than the simple reversal of glycolysis (which would require two molecules of ATP and two of NADH), illustrating the additional energy required to drive the pathway in the direction of biosynthesis.
I believe that in this community the tadpoles are: the primary consumers. A n ecological community is the set of all populations of all species found in a given place. Primary consumers are mainly herbivores which feed on plants; which are the primary producers of all the energy in an ecosystem. In this case the tadpoles eat algae (primary producer) thus they are primary consumer.
Migration is D, the seasonal movement of organisms between locations!
<span>A delta fibers can rapidly transmit pain information to the brain because alpha delta fiber is a type of sensory nerve fiber.
Aδ fibers carry cold, pressure and some pain signals.
Because Aδ fibers are thinly myelinated, they send impulses faster than unmyelinated C fibers, but more slowly than other, more thickly myelinated "A" class fibers.</span>
Answer:
Enzymes are the bio-catalyst produced by the body.
They increases the rate of bio-chemicals reaction taking inside the body.
They form enzyme-substrate complex in order to increase the rate of the reaction.
They are highly specific in nature.
Example:
- Hexokinase catalyses the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.
- Salivary amylase catalyses the breakdown of starch into maltose (simpler sachharides).
- Protein kinase is an enzyme used to activate or deactivate other by adding phosphate group to them.
