Answer:
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Explanation:
These two organelles support the theory in that both have 70S ribosomes, the presence of a circular DNA within, and similar size. They can undergo division within the eukaryotic cyptoplasm. Both of these organelles are surrounded by a double membrane, which in the case of chloroplast is known to originate from ancient bacteria that lost its peptidoglycan component. Mitochondria and chloroplast both evolved from ancient free living bacteria that entered into larger cells, which in the case of mitochondria is known to be archaea and in the case of chloroplast is a eukaryotic cell. With this, these cells became dependent on it in a manner that it could not exist without it.
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Answer:
When the required direction of transport is opposed to concentration levels, a cell <u>will </u> expend energy to force<u> ions</u> across its membrane.
Explanation:
If the concentration gradient is opposite to the direction of transport of minerals, then the cell will use energy to transport mineral ions from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. The most common process through which this happens is termed as the active transport.
The process of active transport is opposite to passive transport. In passive transport, molecules move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
