The tree topology
The lengths of the branches
The branching order of the tree
Nucleotide substitution rate
These would not affect maximum likelihood estimates of phylogenies when comparing different tree hypotheses.
<h3>What is tree topology?</h3>
- A unique kind of structure called a tree topology has numerous connected parts arranged like the branches of a tree.
<h3>The lengths of the branches:</h3>
- Branch lengths are a sign of genetic divergence; the longer the branch, the more genetic divergence has taken place.
- Usually, we calculate the average number of nucleotide or protein substitutions per site to assess the degree of genetic alteration.
<h3>The branching order of the tree:</h3>
- The topology of a tree refers to its branching structure.
- Species (or higher taxa), populations, genes, and proteins are examples of taxonomic units that the nodes represent.
- A branch is referred to as an edge, and it represents an estimate of the length of time between the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic units.
<h3>What is nucleotide substitution rate?</h3>
- The instantaneous rate of change from each of the four nucleotides to each of the other four nucleotides is summarized in the nucleotide substitution rate matrix.
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Answer:
Please the explanation below
Explanation:
DNA synthesis occur at the S phase of the cell cycle in preparation for cell division. The process which is also known as DNA replication occur in 3 main stages namely:
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
At the initiation stage, the double helix DNA structure is unwound by DNA helicase enzyme to form a Y shape structure known as the replication fork. A short pieces of RNA called primer then binds to 3' end of the DNA strands at the starting point of replication.
During elongation, an enzyme known as DNA polymerase adds bases to the primer in the 5' to 3' direction. This makes the replication of the leading strand to be continuous. RNA primer binds to the lagging strand at multiple regions and are replicated in short disjointed fragments known as okazaki fragments. This kind of replication is discontinuous.
Termination involves the unbinding of RNA primer by an exonuclease enzyme. The primers are then replaced by relevant bases. Proofreading of the newly synthesized strands takes place and the okazaki fragments are joined together by an enzyme known as DNA ligase. Telomerase enzyme then adds telomeres to the end of the DNA strands and each newly synthesized strand winds to its parent strand.
