Knockout of the circadian clock protein per1 exacerbates hypertension and increases kidney injury in dahl salt-sensitive rats resulting in worsening of the SS hypertensive phenotype (1).
A circadian clock factor BMAL1, significantly found in kidneys, is known to affect blood pressure. Moreover, a diet high in salt is associated with immune cell infiltration in the kidney and consequently increases blood pressure. The BMAL1 factor is also responsible for expressing various genes. Mice, when treated with BMAL1 showed aging phenotypes like muscle weakness, changed gait, decreased mobility, inactivity, etc.
PER1 is a circadian clock transcription factor and is regulated by aldosterone. Nice on PER1 knock-out develops reduced sodium excretion with day and night differences. This is done in response to a high-salt diet.
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Anaerobic respiration uses electron receptors other than oxygen molecules. Anaerobic respiration produces a maximum of 2 ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) per glucose!
Answer:
(B) Energy transfer between trophic levels is almost always less than 20% efficient.
Explanation:
The ultimate source of energy on the Earth is the Sun. The energy coming from the Sun is captured by green plants by the photosynthesis. During photosynthesis sun energy is fixed into chemical energy (carbohydrate). So, in an ecosystem energy flow is unidirectional (from sun to the green plants). The fixed chemical energy from green plants is transferred to the herbivores then to carnivores through food. When one organism eats another organisms, only 10 % of the energy present in the organism is transferred as a food for the next organism and a large amount of energy is lost as heat into the environment. Thus, energy keeps on decreasing when stored energy moves from producers to top consumers. Thus, less than 20% energy transfer limits the trophic levels in most of the ecosystem.
<span>In biochemical reactions,
it is mostly triggered by enzymes. Enzymes are important components in the
process that involves metabolism and digestive functions, further, most of
these enzymes are proteins. Proteins are biological macromolecule and mostly
composed of enzymes. Proteins play a role in the physical make-up of a cell or
acts as a cytoskeleton –maintains cell shape and figure. These proteins plays
different roles and works with nucleic acids and other macromolecules in the
cells including cell cycle, cell adhesion, immune response and cell indicators.
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It’s the vacuol, which is the site of storage in a cell.
