Answer: Abiotic
Explanation:
Density-independent factors are those components that impact the size or growth of population despite the density of population .Thus, they do not depend on density.Rate of density independent factors can be influenced by birth rate and death rate.Example:- weather.
Abiotic factors are the non-living elements present in this environment such as soil, weather,water etc.Therefore, density independent factors can be considered as abiotic as they effect population and living organism growth
The fourth one. But change the definition to “A tax on annual income”
<span>Learning theory is not generally a consideration when considering phenotypes related to personality. Phenotypes are the generally the characteristics and physical traits that are displayed by the people. Phenotypes are observable physical characteristics like height, weight, skin color of an individual.</span>
