a chemical element or substance required in trace amounts for the normal growth and development of living organisms.
I would say fossilization
All energy sources have some impact on our environment. Fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—do substantially more harm than renewable energy sources by most measures, including air and water pollution, damage to public health, wildlife and habitat loss, water use, land use, and global warming emissions.
I believe the answer here is D because it has a long term description of what an area is like.
