'RNA is transcribed and translated in the cytoplasm', 'transcription produces an mRNA ready for translation' and 'RNA is proofread for errors' occur in prokaryotes, whereas '5′ cap, 3' poly-(A) tail and RNA splicing' occur in eukaryotes.
The prokaryotic cells (e.g., bacterial cells) do not contain cell nuclei, thereby the messenger RNA (mRNA) must be transcribed and translated in the cytoplasm.
During prokaryotic transcription, the RNA transcript is proofread for errors. In bacteria, DNA polymerases proofread the transcript by using their 3’ → 5’ exonuclease activity.
In eukaryotic cells, RNA processing consists of several mechanisms:
- A 7-methylguanosine cap (5′ cap) is added to the 5′ end of the precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA).
- A 3' poly-Adenine (A) tail is added to the 3' end of the pre-mRNA.
- Both the 5′ cap and 3' poly-(A) tail protect the RNA transcript from its degradation by exonucleases.
- Eukaryotic RNA splicing consists of the removal of non-coding regions called 'introns' and subsequent splicing of the protein-coding regions called 'exons'.
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The first step the biologist needs to make an observation in which to create a hypothesis.
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Answer:
nitrogen cycle
Explanation:
Nitrogen enters the living world by way of bacteria and other single-celled prokaryotes, which convert atmospheric nitrogen— N 2 \text N_2 N2start text, N, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript—into biologically usable forms in a process called nitrogen fixation.
