By mutation over time of RNA chains
RG, Rg, rG, rg i hope this helps
the loss of electrons is known as oxidation!
The repeats which occur together on a chromosome are referred to as VNTR. The length of each repeat is 60bp.
The first primer is 20bp and is 53 bp away from 1st repeat. Therefore, the total length of sequence amplified by the first primer till 1st repeat = 20+53 = 73bp. Beyond this point 6 repeats on 60 bp are present, hence, the length becomes = 73 + (60X6) = 433bp.
Now the reverse primer which is 21bp in length is located 28bp from the repeat on its side. Reverse primer comes from the opposite direction, so it must be present after the 6 repeats.
The total length of the amplified region = 433 + 28 + 21 = 482 bp.
PROS: It dissolves in water and lowers the freezing point of water so a lower temperature is required for ice to form. This makes the road less treacherous for vehicles. Road salt is usually cheap and readily available. Since salt is already a constituent of sea water, it does not cause pollution when washed away.
CONS: Salt dissolved in water is corrosive to metal. A metalled road surface may eventually be attacked by the corrosive, leading to damage of the surface. The salt solution is splashed on to the bodies and into the engine parts of vehicles and, unless properly protected, the metal parts of the vehicle will become corroded. Salt solution is a good conductor of electricity so it could under certain circumstances affect the electrical circuits within vehicles. When the salt solution dries out it leaves a deposit of white salt on the surface. The spreading of road salt is often carried out by specially equipped vehicles, so there is a cost incurred in salt spreading. Usually salt is mixed with grit.
