A problem of interest to health officials (and others) is to determine the effects of smoking during pregnancy on infant health.
one measure of infant health is birth weight; a birth weight that is too low can put an infant at risk for contracting various illnesses. since factors other than cigarette smoking that affect birth weight are likely to be correlated with smoking, we should take those factors into account. for example, higher income generally results in access to better prenatal care, as well as better nutrition for the mother. an equation that recognizes this is
A zygote can end up with one fewer chromosome than normal because one of the fertilizing gametes was missing a chromosome. This deletion, called nondisjunction, happened while the gamete was forming.
