Answer:
certainty of punishment
Explanation:
In simple words,Certainness of penalty effectively means that deterrence occurs if a criminal offence is performed. Therefore, to discourage criminals their penalty must be quick. This concept is based on the theory that Too custodial sentence is unfair, and unsevere punishment does not dissuade offenders from committing crimes.
Certainness has a larger effect on prevention than penalty intensity. Analysis underlines the much more important role which certainty serves in prevention than intensity— it is the likelihood about being captured that dissuades an individual from breaking the law, not really the apprehension of becoming prosecuted or the magnitude of the penalty.
Can you by any chance translate
Answer:
Ancient civilizations based a large part of their economy and their subsistence on trade and exchange of goods. Thus, they were guided by a very simple premise: they traded what they had left over, to obtain in exchange what they lacked. For example, if a civilization overproduced wheat, it could trade that surplus for goods it did not have, such as animals. In this way, all civilizations covered their needs without the obligation to procure them all by their own hand.
Comparative advantage refers to the ability of a party to produce a particular good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another. Even if one country has an absolute advantage in producing all goods, different countries could still have different comparative advantages
