Topsoil is the most fertile soil layer for plants.
Answer:
Bronchioles
Explanation:
You inhale through your nose and the air is filtered. It goes down the pharynx. It goes through the larynx. A "door" called the epiglottis opens during breathing. Then it enters the trachea. (windpipe) It goes through the bronchus. The tertiary bronchi branch into fine tubules called bronchioles, the last passageways for air. Air ends its pathway in the ________. (I bet you can guess because you're so smart!) They're surrounded by capillaries that connect the pulmonary arteries and veins. This enables the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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Answer:
mRNA destroyer concentration has a greater influence because it is destroying mRNA before proteins can even be produced.
Explanation:
<em>Proteins are synthesized from mRNA through the process of translation. mRNAs are first synthesized from a coding DNA template through the process of transcription. Hence, if mRNAs are destroyed, it means proteins will not be synthesized at all.</em>
Protein not being synthesized at all means that mRNA destroyer concentration has a greater influence on protein levels than protein degradation. With protein degradation, not all the protein is degraded at once and some quantity of the protein can still be found, but with mRNA destroyer concentration, no protein can be found at all because it was not synthesized in the first place.
Duchenne muyscular dystrophy is caused by a mutation on the X chromosome, so a male gets it from his mother's X, if she is a carrier. The male child gets a Y and no X from his father, so the disease is always transmitted through the X from the mother. If a female gets Duchenne muscular dystrophy she has to have two X chromosomes, one from a carrier mother and another from from an affected father. This is virtually impossible because most males die before childbearing age and there is no way a female child can get an X from a man who does not live long enough to procreate. About eight percent of carrier women do show some muscle weakness, but they do not have the disease.
Answer: Many pathogenic fungi are parasitic in humans and are known to cause diseases of humans and other animals. In humans, parasitic fungi most commonly enter the body through a wound in the epidermis (skin). Such wounds may be insect punctures or accidentally inflicted scratches, cuts, or bruises. One example of a fungus that causes disease in humans is Claviceps purpurea, the cause of ergotism (also known as St. Anthony’s fire), a disease that was prevalent in northern Europe in the Middle Ages, particularly in regions of high rye-bread consumption. The wind carries the fungal spores of ergot to the flowers of the rye, where the spores germinate, infect and destroy the ovaries of the plant, and replace them with masses of microscopic threads cemented together into a hard fungal structure shaped like a rye kernel but considerably larger and darker. This structure, called an ergot, contains a number of poisonous organic compounds called alkaloids. A mature head of rye may carry several ergots in addition to noninfected kernels. When the grain is harvested, much of the ergot falls to the ground, but some remains on the plants and is mixed with the grain. Although modern grain-cleaning and milling methods have practically eliminated the disease, the contaminated flour may end up in bread and other food products if the ergot is not removed before milling. In addition, the ergot that falls to the ground may be consumed by cattle turned out to graze in rye fields after harvest. Cattle that consume enough ergot may suffer abortion of fetuses or death. In the spring, when the rye is in bloom, the ergot remaining on the ground produces tiny, black, mushroom-shaped bodies that expel large numbers of spores, thus starting a new series of infections.
