This is known as the Columbian Exchange; option A. This includes for example Coffee and Chocolate (the plants); which are today to a great degree cultivated in a continent different than the one they originally evolved on.
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After Muhammad's death, Muslims needed someone to rule according to their holy book, the Qu'ran. It divided the Muslims because of their disagreement on who they thought would be an ideal leader (caliph). Sunni's believed that any Muslim most capable of ruling should be able to rule, but the Shia believed that a Muslim leader would need to be a descendant from Muhammad and related in some way.
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Russia's resources are not just oil and gas. Russia has a major deposits of metal and minerals, timber supplies and vast amounts of land.
Answer:
Spoken language is a lot harder to change, due to the vast distances and difficult geography in certain areas.
