England underwent two largescale conflicts that brought them to true representive government through Parliament (the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution). Although it was only after the Glorious Revolution that Parliament's hold was solidified.
Navigation of the American Explorers - 15th to 17th Centuries
Seventeenth century travelers to Maine’s coast such as Samuel Champlain, George Waymouth, and John Smith carried state-of-the-art navigation tools for both dead reckoning and celestial navigation.
Navigation Tools for Dead Reckoning and Piloting
Invented in China in the 3rd century BC, the compass did not come to Europe until the 12th century AD. By the time of Columbus' voyage it was common. Instead of degrees, the compass card, on which directions were drawn or printed, showed the points of the compass, including north, south, east, and west. There are 32 points of the compass, the four main quadrants of the circle each divided into eight 11¼ ° points. Columbus noticed that, as one sailed across the Atlantic Ocean, the variation between magnetic north and true north changed. On future trips he used this to predict, roughly, his arrival in America.
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Scientists get this information from the waves caused by earthquakes, which contain vital information about the internal structure of earth.
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