Answer:
During the Maurya and Gupta empires, the Indian culture and way of life were deeply influenced by Hinduism. Hinduism reinforced a strict social hierarchy called a caste system that made it nearly impossible for people to move outside of their social station.
The answer would be that light can be reflected or refracted
A matter of debate surely, but I think many point to the first or the second battle of El Alamein which was is June and late October of 1942
If you mean the first American flag then it's on display at Prospect Hill.