When the cardiac muscle cell is at rest, the concentration of sodium and calcium is greater on the outside of the cell.
The resting membrane potential (the cardiac muscle cell is at rest) is characterized by more negatively charged inside of the membrane comparing to the outside. The main ions found outside the cell at rest are: sodium (Na+), and chloride (Cl−), and Ca2+ whereas inside the cell it is mainly potassium (K+).
Answer:
d. less than 100% of the energy captured from sunlight is transformed into potential energy in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient and then into potential energy in the form of covalent bonds
Explanation:
Photosynthesis is process utilized by plants, several bacteria and protists to convert the light energy to chemical energy. So they utilize the photosynthesis as the powerhouse for the energy production. Heterotrophs like human that cannot synthesize their own food, use this converted form of energy by autotrophs.
During the light reaction of photosynthesis the photons from light are absorbed by photosystem I and II. These photons excites the electrons which flow through the electron transport chain from higher potential to lower potential. These electrons release the energy while moving from higher potential to lower potential which is utilized by H+ pump to pump the H+ to lumen of plastids from stroma and of course not the 100% energy is utilized some of the energy dissipates. . So this process causes the accumulation of high potential H+ ions across the membrane. These H+ ions are utilized for the production of ATP by ATP synthase complex when they flow back to lower potential across the membrane through ATP synthase complex.
The ATP and NADPH produced from light reaction are utilized to combine carbon molecules during dark reaction. The covalent bond is used to combine the carbon molecules and we know that combining carbon molecules stores energy in the form of covalent bond.
The deep sea vent organisms or benthic organisms normally live in dark conditions because of no penetration of sunlight. These organisms in order to colonize ocean surface must develop photo sensory receptors and should adapt to the light conditions along with variation in temperatures and pressure in ocean currents.
Answer:
Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Explanation:
Guillain-Barre syndrome may be defined as the a rare disorder in which the nerves of an individual are attacked by the body's immune system. The symptoms include tingling, weakness and paralysis.
The spinal nerves gets progressively reduced causes the muscle weakness. The individual get attacked by the paralysis in a 24 to 72 hours of the period. The peripheral nervous system of the body gets damaged in this disease.
Thus, the answer is Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
In fact, mRNA's bases are directly copied from DNA. However mRNA's bases are complimentary to DNA's .!
