Answer:
c. provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient
Explanation:
 
        
             
        
        
        
Answer: Plant grass and lay straw at the sites.
Explanation:
Runoff is a flow over of water or any other liquid over a surface causing erosion. The flow of water is of high speed and rapid. It is not absorbed by the soil. 
Plant grass and lay straw at the sites is the correct option this is because of the fact that the grass and lay straw will absorb the runoff water and prevent the erosion.
 
        
             
        
        
        
 Mass movement, which is sometimes called <em>waste movement</em> or <em>slope movement, </em>is defined as the large movement of rock, soil and debris downward due to the force of gravity.
<h3>Factors affecting mass movement
</h3>
1.  Slope  
     - Gravity provides the energy to move the materials.  
     - Rapid movements (e.g. landslide, slumping) etc.
2.  Water 
      - Rainwater acts as a lubricant to weathered materials.  
      - Rainwater adds weight to weathered materials.  
3.   Rock structure  
      - Joints dipping downslope usually assists landslides, rockfalls, rockslide etc
4.  Vegetation  
      - Lack of vegetation cover to hold the loose particles.  
5.  Vibrations  
      - Earthquakes.  
      - Construction processes and mining operations.
 
        
             
        
        
        
100% Aa because each have a dominate A and a dominate a meaning they are exactly alike