Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938) was an army officer who founded an independent Republic of Turkey out of the ruins of the Ottoman Empire. He then served as Turkey’s first president from 1923 until his death in 1938, implementing reforms that rapidly secularized and westernized the country. Under his leadership, the role of Islam in public life shrank drastically, European-style law codes came into being, the office of the sultan was abolished and new language and dress requirements were mandated. But although the country was nominally democratic, Atatürk at times stifled opposition with an authoritarian hand.
"B:<span>Texts about secularism and individualism became more widely available</span>" is the proper answer. The printing press made the decimation of knowledge of all kinds much easier.
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The Northwest Ordianance established territorial government for what would be the future states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin.
It prohibited slavery in these territories.
The land was surveyed and divided into townships, which organized settlement and set aside one portion of each township for use in creating public education (local schools).
