Mitochondrial DNA can be traced for generations. It is because of the fact that unlike nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA rarely gets mutated. The frequency of mutations in the mitochondrial DNA is approximately one every 3,500 years per nucleotide. That is why mitochondrial DNA of a person is almost similar to his/her direct maternal ancestor. So, it can be used to match lineages amongst people.
Non potable waters are not for drinking. It is not safe to be drink that's why drinking it can carry significant health risk on our body. Non potable waters are only for irrigation and other non drinking water activity. POtable waters are the water that is clean and safe to drink
What are the nephron?
Nephrons are the functional unit of the kidney. There are about two million nephrons in each of our kidneys. Each nephron has a network of glomelural capillaries called glomerulus where blood filtration occurs, and the renal tabule which is where the filtered fluid is converted to urine.
How they work?
The nephrons act as a filter, cleaning our blood. Unwanted metabolites like urea and creatinine are taken from the blood, as well as high amounts of sodium. The filtered fluid flows from inside Bowman's capsule (epithelial cells surrounding the glomerulus) and from there into the proximal tubule (see attached figure at the end). From the tubule, fluid flows into several other ducts until it reaches the ducts where collectors will empty into the renal pelvis.
Explanation: As the DNA is present in the nucleus, there is compartmentalisation and the process becomes more efficient without the interaction of external bodies. The membrane of the nucleus protects the DNA from injuries.
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