The most plausible evidence that birds have evolved from dinosaurs is that the birds have the exact same bone structure as one of the dinosaur super-families, the <em>Saurischia. </em>In this group of dinosaurs we have the total same skeletal structure as in the birds, and most of the dinosaurs of this branch were bipedal, as are the birds, both flying and nonflying.
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The answer to the question is letter A. perihelion.
>The perihelion<span> is the point in the </span>orbit<span> of a </span>planet<span>,or a body</span><span> where it is nearest to its point of orbit, generally a star. It's the opposite of </span>aphelion<span>-- the point in the orbit where the celestial body is farthest from its point of orbit.
>></span>The perihelion and aphelion are the nearest and farthest points <span>of a body's direct </span>orbit<span> around the </span>Sun<span>.</span>
Information is not passed on through DNA but through molecules having an influence on the DNA of the new generation.
This is one argument against Lamarck's ideas.
Ans.
The electron transport chain is defined a series made up of electron transporters that transfer electrons to their acceptors from donors. The transfer of electrons is coupled with proton transfer across the membranes of mitochondria, as protons are pumped out from mitochondrial matrix to outside or mitochondrial inter-membrane space.
Thus, the correct answer is 'option b). protons are pumped out of the mitochondria by the complexes of the electron transport chain.'