Answer:
I am not sure what you are asking????
Explanation:
if it is multiply choice then I would c and e
Answer:
Cytokines made by other innate cells, such as macrophages or dendritic cells
Explanation:
Innate Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) on Dendritic cells and macrophages sense and respond to PAMPs and produce cytokines. Cytokines start the innate immune response.
The cytokines are produced in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as peptidoglycan monomers or CpG sequences on bacterial and viral genomes. Cytokines produced in response to pathogen receptors on cell surfaces, such as the inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha, chemokines and type I interferons that act on leukocytes so as to promote and control early inflammatory responses.
Answer:
Anopheles mosquitoes
Explanation:
Malaria is a common disease characterized by symptoms that include: headache, fever, nausea etc. Malaria disease is caused by a pathogen called PLASMODIUM, which is a protozoan parasite. However, these plasmodium parasites are carried to induce their damage by vectors called MOSQUITOES.
Not all genus of mosquitoes carry this pathogen but specifically ANOPHELES MOSQUITOES. The female species of an Anopheles mosquito carries plasmodium when they feed (suck blood) of an infected person. They then inject it into the bloodstream of another victim they suck from.
The characteristics of the cell membrane that determines what gets into a cell and what doesn't is the properties of the phospholipid bilayer and its proteins.
