Answer:
10. Unakwik Inllet 4; Esther Passage 2, 6; Wells Bay 3, 5, 7, 8
11. Decrease as they are attacked by urchin
12. Increase, as otters eat urchin, reducing their population
13. Photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
14. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
15. A critical species with large effects on the ecosystem
Explanation:
10. In gel electrophoresis, smaller fragments of DNA travel faster through the gel. The DNA ladder on the left acts as a scale for how far each band size would have travelled. You can see that bands corresponding to the size 610 are representative of Wells Bay. Lanes with this size band are 3, 5, 7 and 8. Bands corresponding to size 610 are in lanes 2 and 6, and the presence of both (indicating Unakwik Inllet) corresponds to lane 4
11. Sea urchins eat kelp forests for energy. Therefore, if there are more sea urchins, they will eat even more kelp, and reduce the numbers. Sea urchins in high numbers can even cause what is called an urchin barren, where they have completely destroyed the kelp forest population.
12. The balance of kelp and sea urchin is also affected by otters. Otters eat sea urchin, therefore keeping their population in check. Therefore, if there are more otters, there are less sea urchin to eat the kelp forest, and the population has a chance to increase.
13. The two processes by which producers can generate energy for cellular processes are photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. In photosynthesis (done by green plants and some cyanobacteria) uses energy from the sun, carbon dioxide, and water, to synthesise sugar which can be broken down for energy. Chemosynthesis does not rely on sunlight for energy, instead using the oxidation of inorganic compounds (i.e. chemicals) to generate energy for food production
14. The elements crucial for making proteins are those that are present in all amino acids. These are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. Proteins are created by linking up chains of amino acids, which are joined together with a peptide bond (a link between an amino group (nitrogen and hydrogen) and a carboxyl group (carbon, oxygen and hydrogen)
15. A keystone species has disproportionately large effects on the ecosystem of which it is a part. That is, it is an important part of the network, and is holding a delicate balance. E.g. predator keystone species might keep a population of prey in check. Without the keystone species, they prey would overgrow and cause an imbalance in the rest of the ecosystem for example by overgrazing. A good example is the tiger shark. Without the tiger shark, sea turtles (a common food source of the tiger shark) go unchecked, often over grazing and wiping out the plant population in the seabed.