you need help with what ?
Answer: E). Both b and d
Explanation:
Operant behaviour or conditioning which is also known as Instrumental conditioning is a type of learning process in which the strength of an organism or individuals behaviour is modified by punishment or reinforcement either positively or negatively.
Operant behavior is said to be "Voluntary" because the responses of the organism are under its control.
Answer: An action plan
Explanation: An action plan can be defined as the detailed actions that a person or organization does in order to achieve its objectives. The steps to be taken are defined, which will be the way to reach the objective. When the objectives are outlined and there is a plan for their achievement, it is easier for the objectives to be achieved because there is already an established plan on how things will be done.
