The total end-to-end delay to send the packet length is L/R1 + L/R2. When using store-and-forward packet switches, the end-to-end delay is calculated as d = N × L/R.
<h3>How can you determine a packet's end-to-end delay?</h3>
- When using store-and-forward packet switches, the end-to-end delay for sending a single packet of length L across N connections, each with a transmission rate R, is d = N × L/R. (Queuing, propagation delay, and processing time are all ignored).
- The amount of time it takes a packet to travel from source to destination across a network is known as one-way delay (OWD).
- It is a term that is commonly used in IP network monitoring. It differs from round-trip time (RTT) in that it only measures the journey from source to destination in one direction.
- Propagation delay is the amount of time it takes for one bit to travel from the sender to the receiver end of a link.
- Propagation delay is defined mathematically as the distance between sender and receiver. Propagation delay ∝ 1 / transmission speed.
To learn more about One-way delay, refer to:
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Traditional methods of business communication tend to mean paper-based messages such as formal letters, brochures, reports, proposals, and notes.
There is no denying the fact that digital communication has a lot more advantages as compared to the traditional methods of business communication, but there are certain cases and situations where traditional methods and preferred over digital communication.
Paper-based messages provide objective evidence that a formal undertaking has been issued. The advantage of paper-based messages is that they can't be tampered with and not reproduced. They represent the signature of the concerned authority and are always treated above the digital signatures.
The answer is C. I think.
