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Should I Become a Genetic Counselor?
Genetic counselors help educate people about their chances of inheriting genetic disorders or diseases using information from a patient's family medical history. They explain possible testing options and provide support to patients and family members. They also might educate other healthcare professionals, students, and the public about genetic disorders. Sharing potentially upsetting results with clients can be stressful.
Career Requirements
Degree Level Master's degree
Degree Field Genetic counseling, biology, psychology, or related field
Licensure and Certification Certification is required by some employers; licensing is required by many states
Experience Experience requirements vary by employer, but generally the minimum is two years
Key Skills Excellent writing, communication, and decision-making skills; knowledge of human mutation databases and genome browsers; knowledge of Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS) nomenclature
Median Salary (2015) $72,090
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Steps to Become a Genetic Counselor
Step 1: Earn a Bachelor's Degree
A bachelor's degree in biology or a healthcare-related field typically is a requirement for enrolling in a genetic counseling master's degree program. These programs provide students with the science and math knowledge needed for a career in genetic counseling. Coursework focused in genetics, biochemistry, and statistics is valuable to future genetic counselors.
Some schools offer internships or summer programs for students interested in genetic counseling. These programs provide students with a chance to gain experience at clinics or hospitals and prepare them for a graduate degree program. Also consider doing volunteer work or providing counseling. Performing work for a crisis hotline or reproductive counseling service can help provide the skills and qualifications needed for a graduate program in genetic counseling.
Step 2: Earn a Master's Degree
A master's degree in genetic counseling usually is required for genetic counselor positions. These programs typically provide coursework in human genetics, lab work, counseling, and research. Students develop the skills needed to research, counsel, and consult with patients, their families, and members of the healthcare community to provide information on genetic conditions. Admission requirements usually include a bachelor's degree with credits in genetics, biochemistry, and statistics. Some schools require applicants to have performed some type of counseling work.
Step 3: Get Certified/Licensed
The American Board of Genetic Counselors (ABGC) offers a certification program. This certification is technically voluntary; however, some states require it for licensing, and some employers prefer it. In addition, some states require genetic counselors to become licensed before performing work with the public. Certification requirements include completion of a graduate degree program in genetic counseling through an ABGC-accredited program and passage of a written exam. ABGC certification can serve as proof of competency and give job candidates an edge in employment.
Step 4: Gain Work Experience
Entry-level positions allow genetic counselors to work under supervision, assessing patients, and providing counseling. More advanced positions allow genetic counselors to work independently at these duties, in addition to performing research and providing education to the public and healthcare professionals. The National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) provides individuals with online education resources and opportunities to network with other members of the field. Courses go over self-marketing, mentoring, and instructional guides on starting a clinic.
Genetic Counselors need a field-specific master's degree, and certification and state licensure might be required.
Metals are strong, high density, good conductors of heat and electricity, and are also malleable and ductile. While non metals are brittle, dull looking, are poor conductors of heat and electricity, and are overall weaker.
Answer:
Water can hydrogen bond.
Explanation:
Liquids become gases once they are heated to a certain temperature. Heat is a form of energy. This change occurs when the intermolecular forces between the liquid molecules are energized enough to break. This breakage is necessary because gaseous molecules exist individually and do not interact with one another. That being said, it takes more heat to boil water because its intermolecular forces are stronger than methanes.
Intermolecular forces (IMF) are a result of partial charges on the molecular atoms that cause temporary bonds to form between molecules.
Methane is a nonpolar molecule, meaning each atom can only have slight partial charges. The strongest IMF methane participates in are London Dispersion Forces.
Water, however, is a polar molecule, with the hydrogens having strong partial positive charges and the oxygens having strong partial negative charges. This allows water to participate in a very strong IMF called hydrogen bonding. Again, because these partial charges are so strong, the water molecules can form stronger IMFs.
<u>*When molecules have stronger IMFs, they require more energy(heat) to overcome them.*</u>
