If you're talking about WW2, it's the battle of Stalingrad.
If it's about WW1, it would probably be Verdun.
James Madison was the person behind the federalist papers. He later became the president of the U.S.
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Checks and balances is where each part of the government can "check" each other. This is to ensure that no branch of government becomes too powerful. An example of this would be the President vetoing a law passed by the Judicial Branch.
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It can be a benifet because it boosts economic diplomacy. but can hurt us because taxes will rise due to too much money printing because more people means more money, leading to food, gas and other things pricing to rise.
Before 1900, there are already several states that made their attempts to lessen the working hours of mothers. A movement was created and sought the help of people to help provide for widowed mothers so they could take care of their children. The Mother's Pension Program helped pushed the welfare of mothers and also children who became orphans. The first mother's pension law happened in Illinois last 1911. It was adopted by other States primarily to help the children who were left by their fathers and orphans, and dependent mothers.