Crossing over occurs at the four-strand stage when two homologous chromosomes, each consisting of a pair of sister chromatids, are paired. Each crossover involves just two of the four strands and generates two recombinant strands.
Hope this helps!
Double fertilization-plants with seeds (flowering plants), two male gametes joining with female gametophyte
Gametophyte generation-both (haploid, sexual stage stage-gametophyte, and the diploid stage that produces spores – sporophyte)
Endosperm formed-plants with seed because it is a tissue formed inside the seed which surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition
Mitosis-both (mitosis occurres in spores)
Spores develop into gametophytes-both but, in seedless plants sporophyte produces spores that will develop into a new organism (multicellular gametophyte) using mitosis, while spores of seed plants are produced internally and develop into more complex structures.
Amino acid reactions. Amino acids via their various chemical functionalities can undergo numerous chemical reactions.