Shinzo Abe: Japan
Chiang Kai-shek: China
Kim Jong Un: North Korea
Park Geun-hye: South Korea
Mao Zedong: Taiwan
Answer:
The epidemiological transition has two stages:
- First, the high mortality caused by infectious diseases and malnutrition;
- The second is characterized by chronic degenerative diseases.
Explanation:
Epidemiological transition is understood as the long-term changes in the patterns of death, disease and disability that characterize a specific population and that usually occur along with broader demographic, social and economic transformations.
It is a dynamic concept that focuses on the evolution of the predominant profile of mortality and morbidity, specifically the epidemiological transition implies a change in the predominant direction: of infectious diseases associated with primary deficiencies (for example, nutrition, water supply, housing conditions) to chronic and degenerative diseases, injuries and mental illnesses, all these related to genetic factors and secondary deficiencies (for example, personal or environmental security effect of opportunities for the full realization of individual potentiality)
The epidemiological transition covers three basic processes:
a) Substitution between the first causes of death of common infectious diseases by noncommunicable diseases and injuries.
b) The displacement of the greatest burden of morbidity and mortality from the youngest groups to the elderly.
c) Changes from a situation of predominance of mortality in the epidemiological landscape to another in which morbidity is dominant.
i. Using fossil evidences
ii. Similar rock lithologies at the edges of continent
iii. Climate clues
iv. Fitting of the continents into a puzzle
v. Sea floor spreading
Explanation:
Pangea was a super-continent on the earth which formed about 330 million years ago during the Paleozoic and began breaking up during the early Mesozoic, about 175 million years ago.
Most of the present day continents formed as a result of the separation of the Pangea in the early Mesozoic.
The first scientist to propose the existence of this super-continent was Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested the continental drift hypothesis to explain the separation of the land masses.
Today, the theory has been revised to the theory of plate tectonics which provides a better mechanism to understand the drifting of the continents.
Here are some of the evidences to support the existence of Pangea;
- Using fossil evidences: Mesosaurus, a reptile animal that lived during the Permian, was found in both South America and Southern Africa. Since this animal could not swim nor fly, only a jointed landmass could have made them present in both continents.
- Similar rock lithologies at the edges of continents: rock formations at the Western edge of Africa and South - Eastern part of Brazil matches with one another and have been believed to be once joined together.
- Climatic clues such as glacial tills that are confined to temperate and polar regions have been found in tropical regions.
- Wegener fitted the present day continent into a giant supercontinent and this provided a visual support for his claim.
- Evidences from sea floor spreading revealing magnetic reversals at divergent margins suggests the prevalence of plate tectonics i.e moving plates on earth.
This among many other evidences underscores the existence of a supercontinent called Pangea.
