The claim is usually defined as your belief, like what you think it is. Example: I believe that all spiders are bad, but on the other hand... something like this i think. I hope this helps you.
The answer is the 4th one
A or d because there can't just be random commas
Log is the object of the preposition because under is a preposition.
The meaning for preheat is <span>heat beforehand.
Your answer is <em>heat beforehand </em>
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