I know that <span>Muhammad declared Mecca as the holiest city in Islam. I'm pretty sure it is </span><span>Muhammad and his followers seized Mecca and emptied the Kaaba of pagan idols, replacing them with shrines to Allah. Because Muhammad was the one that forced the surrender of the city Mecca.</span>
In the Europe of 1800's, the beliefs displayed in this question could be labeled as follows:
Conservative: The government should be led by a monarch with legitimacy from God; the government should mantain stability through a social class system. The explanation is that, those who call themselfs conservatives do so because they are in favor to keep things the way they are, manteining the status quo; the type of government that ruled Europe in 1800 was the monarchy, and they believed that stability could be reached by a social class system, the royal family and the plebeians.
Liberal: People should be able to work their way up the social ladder; the government should emphasize citizens' rights as listed in a constitution. Liberals, in general, believe and praise freedom for all people, and often the government's intervention in society is questioned; some say that the government's role should be smaller, intervening only in crucial questions, like the assurance of rights, while others believe that the government should have a central power figure.
Napoleon replaced existing Monarchs with members of his own family. His aim was to replace existing empire with one of his, which would have made him and his family rule wholly. Resistance to to French occupation and French puppet rulers was often based on nationalist sentiments, but it's doubtful whether it would have remained a popular cause with the masses after Napoleon's final defeat.
<span>It made the Russian peasants even less satisfied with the Tsar, who they now felt was causing them to starve, freeze, and hear disappointing news about the invariable incompetence of their army. For some reason, a few decades later, they celebrated the Red Army in WWII, which consisted mostly of dead people.</span>
