Answer:
Explanation:
Pharmacophore (pharmacology) - The molecular framework responsible for a drug's biological activity. According to IUPAC — A pharmacophore is the ensemble of steric and electronic features that is necessary to ensure the optimal supramolecular interactions with a specific biological target structure and to trigger (or to block) its biological response.
Privileged structures are defined as molecular frameworks which are able of providing useful ligands for more than one type of receptor or enzyme target by judicious structural modifications.
1) The 1,4-dihydropyridine ring is present in many biologically important molecules that acts as an important scaffold for cardiovascular drug - a calcium antagonists and although it is technically not considered as a pharmacophore, it is considered as a privileged structure.
1,4-Dihydropyridine (DHP), belongs to the class of calcium antagonist that inhibits the influx of extracellular Ca+2 through the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels.
A positional substitution in the 4-position is feasible in the heterocyclic ring which in turn culminates in various calcium channel antagonist activities and this heterocyclic ring is the common feature for various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic activity,
antihypertensive, antianginal, antitumor, antitubercular activity and antithrombotic .
Position on the heterocyclic ring binds to the L-type channel and also to N-type channel on membranes.
2.) The bioisosteres are not a suitable bioisostere for the traditional C-4 aryl or heteroaryl substitution which is necessary for calcium ion blockage thereby inhibiting it to function with the mechanism shared above.
Molecules that are present in the membranes of gram-negative bacteria and are the best-known pamps are called Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs).
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are the primary outer surface membrane elements present in almost all Gram-negative bacteria and it act as extremely strong stimulators of the innate or natural immunity in the diverse eukaryotic species ranging from insects to humans.
Eukaryotes are the organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. eukaryote, any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus. The first eukaryotic cells was evolved about 2 billion years ago. In this Cells with nuclei surrounded by a nuclear envelope with nuclear pores.
Learn more about lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) here
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Answer:
Bioarchaeology is a discipline that studies human skeletal remains in an archaeological investigation; while forensic anthropology refers to the study of human skeletal remains in a criminal case
Explanation:
Bioarchaeology is a discipline centered on the study of skeletal remains in order to obtain useful information about past societies/civilizations such as, for example, health conditions. On the other hand, forensic anthropology investigates human skeletal remains within a legal and/or criminal investigation. This information may result useful to identify a dead person, find the cause of death, and estimate time since death.
Similarities:
-Both disciplines have a strong biology background (especially in zoology)
-Both disciplines are focused on skeletal analysis
Differences:
-Bioarchaeology is associated with the anthropological study of human societies, while forensic anthropology associated with legal investigations
Answer:
Yes, viruses are super small. It is also smaller than bacteria. So you wouldn't notice anything.
<h2>Energy allocation in penguin</h2>
Explanation:
- Although penguins don't grow from year to year, they increase and decrease in size as they repeatedly form and use energy stores,a significant amount of energy might be stored in fat during part of the year but be missing from the pie chart because it is used later in the year
- Allocation of limited endogenous resources causes trade-offs between competing traits, such as reproduction, somatic growth and maintenance
- During food deprivation, animals cannot maximize all of their life-history traits and must exhibit adaptive behavioral, physiological and biochemical responses to reduce metabolism and/or the cost of current activities in order to maintain biological value
