Answer:
a. The Equal Protection Clause is a clause from the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause provides that "nor shall any State [...] deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws".
Its purpose is to apply substantially more constitutional restrictions against the states than had applied before the Civil War. Hence, in Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630 (1993), Supreme Court held that redistricting based on race must be held to a standard of strict scrutiny under the equal protection clause while bodies doing redistricting must be conscious of race to the extent that they must ensure compliance with the Voting Rights Act.
While in the case of Easley v. Cromartie, 532 U.S. 234 (2001), Supreme Court held that the State violated the Equal Protection Clause in drawing the 1997 boundaries was based on clearly erroneous findings.
b. In the case of Easley v. Cromartie, an appeal from the decision given in hunt v. Cromartie was filed in the supreme court of the United States by Easley. In hunt v. Cromartie, the court held that the legislature of North Carolina did not use the factor of race while drawing the boundaries in the twelfth congressional district,1992. It was held by the court that the legislature did not violate the equal protection clause of the constitution and no evidence to prove that legislature set its boundaries on a racial basis rather than a political basis.
In Easley v Cromartie the appeal was that drawing the boundaries for voting violated the equal protection clause of the constitution. The supreme court of the United States held that the decision of the district court is erroneous because it actually relied upon racial factors and this is not in the interest of the state.
In Shaw v. Reno the court concluded that the plan of North Carolina tried to segregate the voters on the basis of race.
Answer: behavior modification
Explanation:
The token system is a method used in behavior modification to reinforce desirable behavior and reduce unwanted behavior. Reinforcement is in the form of a valuable item which is given to the individual whose behavior is being modified. This reward/token can be used within the system, but is usually not a valid form of exchange outside the system. For example, while the chip used here is a suitable form of token, money is not.
Answer: Classical conditioning.
Explanation:
Classical conditioning is defined as learning process in which two stimuli is linked togather to generate a response. Biologically influential and strong stimuli is subjected with formerly neutral stimuli.
According to the question, as Stephanie has got many penicillin injections from doctor , she recognizes that injections received from white-coat people(doctor) give her pain. Due to this learning, she recognized white coat photographer as doctor who will give injection and thus, started to cry
Answer:
Maya Lin's "Vietnam Veterans Memorial" is an example of an artist creating a place for a human purpose which is reminiscent of contemporary art form from human history.
Explanation:
This Memorial is situated in the Washington D.C, United States and it gives honor to the soldiers of the United States who fought in the Vietnam War. The establishment of this building or memorial is connected with many issues which have been the source of controversies, some of which have resulted in the takeover of the memorial area. Due to these controversies, this Vietnam Memorial is now made up of three parts.
