B-Kidneys
The kidneys act as filters that strain urea and excess salts from the bloodstream to release them in the urine.
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Four hydrogen nuclei are converted to helium nuclei in the proton-proton chain. This does not occur naturally on Earth because the process requires it. extremely high temperatures, pressures, and densities
The proton-proton chain is a series of reactions that fuses four hydrogen nuclei to form one helium nucleus. The energy is derived from the mass difference between the four hydrogen nuclei with higher masses and the single helium nucleus with lower masses. Energy is released when hydrogen is fused into helium: mass to energy conversion. Because mass is created during the proton-proton chain, energy is released. However, this is essentially the end of the story for the nuclear fusion reactions that occurred in the early Universe, known as Big Bang Nucleosynthesis.
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The number of years of divergence from a common ancestor =300,000 years.
<h3>What are mutations?</h3>
Mutations are changes that occur in the DNA of living organisms.
Mutations can be used as molecular clocks if they occur at a constant rate.
Considering the nucleotide substitutions occur by mistake in a segment of ribosomal RNA at a constant rate of one substitution every 100,000 years.
The ribosomal RNA of the two modern-day species have six differences in their sequences.
Number of years of divergence = 6/2 * 100000 = 300,000 years.
In conclusion, changes that occur in nucleotide sequences are known as mutations.
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I like to think of the DNA molecule strand as a ladder, rather than a spiral staircase. The siderail of the DNA ladder (The DNA "Backbone") consists of the Sugar and Phosphate molecules. The rungs of the ladder (the inner bases) consist of the pairs of Nitrogen Bases - Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine.
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alisa202
