Both men and women conceived during the widespread famine of the Dutch Hunger Winter were more likely to be obese by age 5050 an
d more likely to die from stroke or cardiovascular disease. They also experienced more cognitive decline later in life. Fifteen genetic loci associated with growth and metabolic disease were compared between siblings prenatally exposed to the famine and those siblings who were not prenatally exposed. 1. What evidence suggests that these are epigenetic effects?
a. missense mutations within genes encoding histone proteins
b. single nucleotide polymorphisms within loci involved in growth and metabolic disease
c. transposon insertion into loci involved in growth and metabolic disease
d. changes in the methylation patterns of loci involved in growth and metabolic disease
2. Which additional pieces of evidence would help to demonstrate that these effects are due to epigenetic changes?
a. changes in the post-translational modification of metabolic enzymes
b. differences in the expression of metabolic genes
c. mutations in the DNA regions associated with cardiovascular health
d. changes in histone acetylation patterns
1. d. changes in the methylation patterns of <em>loci</em> involved in growth and metabolic disease
2. b. differences in the expression of metabolic genes
d. changes in histone acetylation patterns
Explanation:
Epigenetics refers to the study of heritable changes in gene expression which are not dependent on DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms involve DNA methylation, histone modifications (acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, etc) and regulatory non-coding RNA (ncRNA) pathways. These epigenetic mechanisms work together and mutually reinforce each other in order to modulate gene expression (either by activating or suppressing gene expression). In consequence, transcriptome data (e.g., genes differentially expressed in particular tissues/cells or stages of development) is an important piece of evidence indicating the existence of epigenetic modulation.
Human heart is comprised of four regions, components, zones or muscular containers. As, the blood quality is regulated by the blood, by keeping the deoxygenated form of blood apart from the oxygenated form of blood inside the heart and then provide suffiecient amount of materials, solutes, and other nutrients to the different tissues and organs of the human body in a proper manner.
The deoxygenated form of blood is collected and brought to the right atrium by <u>the superior and inferior venacava</u>, as it provides a more safer route for the transportation of these materials in order to remove the unwanted substance from it by sending it back to the lungs through the pulmonary artery.
Inside the lungs the blood is cleaned up and then sent back to the heart in order to be pumped into the different portions of the heart.
Answer:Osmosis occurs until the concentration gradient of water goes to zero or until the hydrostatic pressure of the water balances the osmotic pressure
