Answer:
1 - Malaria
2- Typhoid fever and Tuberculosis
Explanation:
In case of malaria, the causal microorganism is Plasmodium falciparum, which target red blood cells of host. In humans who have defective sickle cell allele, have abnomral shaped red blood cells. So microorganism does not able to attach to abnormal shaped RBCs thus humans having sickle cell allele are more resistant to death caused by malaria.
In cystic fibrosis, mutation on that gene which encodes a protein known as cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).
Normally Salmonella typhi (bacteria responsible for typhoid fever) enters into intestinal cells by attaching with CFTR receptor. Carriers of cystic fibrosis mutant gene, have abnormal CFTR thus reduced rate of entry of bacteria into carriers.
Normally Mycobacterium tuberculosis (bacteria responsible for tuberculosis) adds sulfate in its cell walls. In carriers of cystic fibrosis, arylsulfatase B activity is reduced which incorporates sulfate. Thus reduced arylsulfatase activity makes bacteria unable to add sulfate in its cell walls thus decreases their virulence to carriers of cystic fibrosis.
The culprits for the degradation of local biological communities on Macquarie Island are the rabbits, rats,mice and cats that were non-native species were introduced by humans.
The introduction of non-native species to Macquarie Island was responsible for severely degrading the local biological communities, including the vegetation, birds, and invertebrates that were native to the island. The introduction of rabbits, rats, cats and mice led to the loss of native plants, while cats and pigs preyed on native birds and invertebrates. These introduced species caused extensive damage to the local ecosystem, resulting in the loss of native species and the decline of the island's biological diversity.
The new species competed for resources and habitat, and often preyed upon the native species. This had a devastating impact on the local ecosystem, and led to the decline of many native species. The introduction of rabbits was particularly damaging, as they caused widespread destruction of the native vegetation. This had a knock-on effect on the birds and invertebrates that depended on that vegetation for food and shelter. The decline of the native species has had a significant impact on the biodiversity of Macquarie Island, and has resulted in the loss of many unique and valuable species.
These species have wreaked havoc on the island, preying on native birds and other small animals, as well as destroying vegetation. The impact of these introduced species has been so severe that the island has been declared a World Heritage Site. In order to protect the remaining native species on the island, a eradication program was launched in the 1990s to get rid of the introduced animals. While this program has been successful in reducing the populations of these animals, they continue to pose a threat to the island's ecosystem.
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Hi,
The word mutation come from word mutate, that means to change. In Biology, a mutations means a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Since DNA sequence encodes for proteins, when a mutation occurs in part of DNA (gene) it causes a different than usual protein which had to be expressed.
For example:
- There was a gene whose sequence was: AATGGGGCCC
- A single base mutation made the sequence as: TATGGGGCCC
Now how these mutations affect an organism in which they took place?
The answer is, mutations can be beneficial, harmful and even neutral.
A mutations is beneficial when the sequence changes in such a way that the new protein gives beneficial characteristics to the organism. For instance, a mutation occurs in the DNA of bacteria which enhances its resistance against antibiotics, so the bacteria can live longer. This is a beneficial mutation for bacteria. Sometimes, the mutations can be lethal and very hamrful. For instance, when a mutation occurs in the coding region of a gene for certain trait of organism like skin type, skin color. If mutation happens in coding region of skin type, in such a way that new protein formed is not correct, it can heavily harm. Like a mutation changes the skin color of people living in hot areas from from dark to pale color. The pale color is prone to more damage than dark color, therefore, these skins are easily burnt and can causes skin cancer and other skins problems to people. Similarly, some mutations can be neutral and they cause neither benefit, nor harm, no effect on organism. These are called silent mutations because the DNA sequence is changed in such a way that new protein is same as old protein. For example there is a gene having part CCG, after mutation it changes to CCA. Both will code for the same protein Glycine and will have no effect on overall phenotype of organism.
Hope it help!
Gregor Mendel was the father of the field of genetics, which seeks to explain how traits are passed on from one generation to the next.
To study genetics, Mendel chose to work with pea plants because they have easily identifiable traits.
