Calculating the present value of a cash flow or series of cash flows that will be received in the future is the process of discounting.
A value obtained in the future is converted to an equivalent value received right away through the process of discounting. Discounting determines this relative value, so a dollar received in 50 years may be worth less than a dollar received today. Using the aforementioned method, the discounting process assists an investor in estimating the investment's value in current dollars at the investor's desired rate of return. Due to the opportunity cost of spending money now and the desire to enjoy advantages now rather than in the future, discounting makes current costs and benefits more valuable than those that will occur in the future. A discount factor in financial modeling is a decimal number multiplied by a cash flow value to reduce it to its present value. As the effect of compounding the discount rate accumulates over time, the factor grows (i.e., the decimal value shrinks).
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